RFC: ArrayBuffer support in TurboModules #947

paradowstack · 2025-10-10T10:53:36Z

Proposal: Adding first-class ArrayBuffer support to Codegen and TurboModules to enable zero-copy binary data exchange between JavaScript and Native modules.

View the rendered RFC

kraenhansen · 2025-10-12T19:20:37Z

Firstly - congrats on a very thorough and well written RFC!

do we need to implement any additional synchronization mechanism to make this change thread-safe?

It's my understanding that the JS engine and JSI itself isn't thread-safe either.
In which case, I'd consider the limitation of thread-safely for ArrayBuffer an extension of that.

Should we introduce two kinds of buffers, mutable and read-only

I think that could be a nice addition indeed. I'd actually imagine a read-only variant would be used in most cases 🤔

Should this RFC focus on introducing only the basic and most valuable synchronous support for ArrayBuffer

Personally - I'd apply the 80-20 rule here and go for the least amount of work bringing most of the value and stick with the basic sync support.

Did you consider "views"? (DataView and typed arrays) and how those would interact with this feature? Could these be passed between JS and Native, if not - what's the failure case like? And should typed arrays be supported in codegen?

gmemmy · 2025-10-13T18:32:55Z

i really like this. for real-time media or GPU pipelines, say camera ---> ML ---> WebRTC, efficient ArrayBuffer bridging would make a world of difference. it'd enable moving small binary payloads(LUTs, masks, uniform buffers) without having to serialize or clone data just to cross the bridge.

a few things worth clarifying though:

thread safety: how do concurrent module calls handle shared buffers? media pipelines often run multiple workers in parallel, so locking semantics matter.
read-only vs writable: some data(e.g frame masks or GPU uploads) should likely be immutable once passed to JS; being explicit here could save a lot of edge-case debugging imo.

paradowstack · 2025-10-14T11:33:39Z

Firstly - congrats on a very thorough and well written RFC!

Thanks ❤️

do we need to implement any additional synchronization mechanism to make this change thread-safe?

It's my understanding that the JS engine and JSI itself isn't thread-safe either. In which case, I'd consider the limitation of thread-safely for ArrayBuffer an extension of that.

Agree with that.

Should we introduce two kinds of buffers, mutable and read-only

I think that could be a nice addition indeed. I'd actually imagine a read-only variant would be used in most cases 🤔

I agree with that, but after deeper investigation I couldn't find an easy and clean way to achieve that. One way would be to create a read-only view over the buffer when processing it, but that's on the developers. Also there is an active TC39 proposal for an Immutable ArrayBuffer which would provide a standardized, runtime-enforced way to prevent modifications to the buffer contents.

Should this RFC focus on introducing only the basic and most valuable synchronous support for ArrayBuffer

Personally - I'd apply the 80-20 rule here and go for the least amount of work bringing most of the value and stick with the basic sync support.

👍

Did you consider "views"? (DataView and typed arrays) and how those would interact with this feature? Could these be passed between JS and Native, if not - what's the failure case like? And should typed arrays be supported in codegen?

My idea is to have this solution type-agnostic as the underlying native classes, such as NSMutableData, java.nio.ByteBuffer and jsi::ArrayBuffer are an opaque containers for raw, uninterpreted bytes. If DataView or TypedArray is passed instead of ArrayBuffer, the developer should receive an appropriate warning.

tom-sherman · 2025-10-14T12:05:14Z

The semantics around memory ownership seem to deviate from the spec of ArrayBuffer in regards to transferring/detaching. I'm not sure of what the material consequences are, especially with existing code that handles ArrayBuffers, but it seems like this could break developer expectations in many ways.

I'd expect the buffer to be moved, not borrowed, when passing between JS and native (in both directions).

ArrayBuffer implementations are not thread-safe; if multiple threads simultaneously read from or write to an ArrayBuffer, race conditions can occur. To prevent this, developers must ensure that an ArrayBuffer is not accessed concurrently from different threads

This problem goes away if ownership is moved to the receiving thread. You shouldn't be able to even read an ArrayBuffer from multiple threads.

Thread-safety of the ArrayBuffer - do we need to implement any additional synchronization mechanism to make this change thread-safe?

So in summary and to answer this unresolved question, I would say absolutely yes. And to do so by using moves and not borrows.

paradowstack · 2025-10-15T11:49:09Z

Thanks @tom-sherman for your input!

Regarding this:

ArrayBuffer implementations are not thread-safe; if multiple threads simultaneously read from or write to an ArrayBuffer, race conditions can occur. To prevent this, developers must ensure that an ArrayBuffer is not accessed concurrently from different threads

This problem goes away if ownership is moved to the receiving thread. You shouldn't be able to even read an ArrayBuffer from multiple threads.

Thread-safety of the ArrayBuffer - do we need to implement any additional synchronization mechanism to make this change thread-safe?

So in summary and to answer this unresolved question, I would say absolutely yes. And to do so by using moves and not borrows.

I agree that moving (transferring ownership) an ArrayBuffer coul be fundamentally safer and cleaner than borrowing it. However, the primary technical challenge remains: the current JSI and Hermes Runtime implementations do not expose a dedicated API for "detaching" an ArrayBuffer from the JavaScript side. Without true detachment, the only immediate way to transfer ownership is by "moving" the underlying buffer to the native thread and extending its lifetime accordingly. This addresses the memory management aspect but has a critical flaw:

JS Validity: The ArrayBuffer remains valid on the JS side. Its properties, such as byteLength, are not cleared.
Thread Safety Risk: The buffer can still be read or written to simultaneously from the JS thread while it is being used natively. This creates an easy opportunity for developers to violate thread-safety rules, even if documentation warns against post-transfer access.

I currently do not see a clean, safe path to fully implement buffer transfers that invalidate the JS reference. Achieving this requires dedicated changes to both the JSI specification and the underlying Hermes engine to introduce a proper detachment mechanism. Since I don't have a deep expertise in this topic, output from more experienced developers is really welcome and highly appreciated.

gmaclennan · 2025-10-16T15:13:25Z

I don't have any expertise as to how to solve the invalidation of JS references in Hermes and JSI, but I wanted to add another voice highlighting the importance of ownership transfer. As far as I am aware, JS does not have other instances where a developer needs to think about thread-safety - it is always thread safe by default. When working with threads (e.g. a Worker in node or a WebWorker in the browser), references are either copied or transferred (e.g. zero-copy, but the reference is removed in the source thread). A JS developer needing to be aware that they cannot modify an ArrayBuffer while it is being written in the native thread is a big ask, especially as we are likely talking about developers who are consuming native modules which use this code, and may not be familiar with thread-safety as a concept at all. This might be a really hard problem to solve though as @paradowstack says!

grabbou

Thanks for this RFC. Excited to get this going. Leaving some comments for consideration when it comes to the RFC document itself.

grabbou · 2025-10-17T14:39:27Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+```ts
+export interface Spec extends TurboModule {
+  getBuffer(): ArrayBuffer;
+  processBuffer(buffer: ArrayBuffer): void;


Should we extend the RFC with some notes on asynchronous functions? I know there was discussion beforehand whether to implement asynchronous code in the first PR, however, I would treat that separate from the RFC itself, which could cover broader use case.

I unnecessarily coupled this RFC with the first PR in my head. Asynchronous functions are mentioned a bit later, but they should be outlined here as well as this is the final API we would like to have.

grabbou · 2025-10-17T14:39:49Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+## Motivation
+
+TurboModules currently lack a first-class way to represent `ArrayBuffer` end-to-end in Codegen, which forces developers to rely on copies, ad-hoc platform bridges, global helpers, or external libraries. This hurts performance for binary-heavy use cases such as media data or ML tensors, and it increases implementation complexity. The expected outcome is a cross-platform contract that lets JS and native pass binary data with minimal copying. Codegen should be able to generate working code for the `ArrayBuffer` type on every platform.


I would say current workaround is typically working directly with JSI, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Great example here is prior art by Marc, who did a lot of this manually before migrating over to Nitro Modules. I also think a lot of Software Mansion libraries go with C++ and work directly with JSI for that reason as well.

Yup - both react-native-mmkv (see MMKVManagedBuffer.h) and react-native-vision-camera (see SharedArray.h) use raw JSI access to expose ArrayBuffer data. In VisionCamera I kinda overcomplicated it for a while with TypedArray support (that's primarily for Uint8Array), but still - it's a lot of effort to get right, and even tho I added a ton of code for that, it still has it's bugs. Like thread-safety.
Also; react-native-fast-tflite (see TypedArray.h) and vision-camera-resize-plugin (see ResizePlugin.mm) are using raw JSI ArrayBuffers.

In Nitro, i finally solved all of that - so MMKV benefits from that ✨ for free ✨, but VisionCamera is not on Nitro yet.
I can definitely understand the Motivation here, lol.

grabbou · 2025-10-17T14:40:59Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+For example, several important use cases are currently difficult to implement efficiently while working with TurboModules:
+
+- **Real-time media streaming**: A native video decoder could stream frames directly to a JavaScript-based player component. Without zero-copy `ArrayBuffer`s, each frame would need to be copied, leading to significant performance overhead and potential frame drops.


I think great example here would be to use Blob Manager as an example (and likely first candidate to migrate over, once this lands).

Broadly speaking working with binary data in general.

Great catch, will add a Blob Manager example to the next version of the RFC.

grabbou · 2025-10-17T14:42:06Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+- **Machine Learning**: On-device ML models often require passing large tensors between native inference engines and JS. Copying this data can be a major bottleneck, especially for real-time applications like video analysis.
+- **High-performance networking**: Applications that handle large binary payloads over WebSockets or other protocols (e.g., financial data streams, real-time gaming) may be forced into inefficient data conversion, which adds CPU and memory pressure.
+
+By providing a first-class `ArrayBuffer` type support to TurboModules, this RFC will unblock these and other performance-sensitive areas, making it possible to develop faster more efficient applications for React Native.


Another important indication here is that first-class support for ArrayBuffers will enable support of web spec compatible primitives (such as Blob or File). It is also great way to enable interoperability across different module frameworks.

For example, Expo currently has its own Blob implementation (based on ArrayBuffers, which they support). If React Native has same level of support, libraries relying on each will be able to work interchangeably, which is great.

Thanks for the suggestion - will expand this section accordingly.

grabbou · 2025-10-17T14:48:22Z

The semantics around memory ownership seem to deviate from the spec of ArrayBuffer in regards to transferring/detaching. I'm not sure of what the material consequences are, especially with existing code that handles ArrayBuffers, but it seems like this could break developer expectations in many ways.

That said, it's worth noting that (unless I'm mistaken) this is already how JSI, Expo Modules, and Nitro Modules handle ArrayBuffers today.

On one hand, aligning with existing community behavior might make sense for practical and compatibility reasons. On the other hand, once this behavior becomes part of the core, its reach and visibility will likely expand far beyond those ecosystems, making the current de facto behavior less relevant over time.

Leaving this as an open question and summoning a few folks from the community for feedback!

grabbou · 2025-10-17T14:49:39Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+To conclude, supporting only simple function input/output parameters is straightforward, but extending that support to cover all Codegen functionalities across every platform is significantly more complex. However, integrating Promises and asynchronous operations may be crucial for supporting binary-heavy use cases. This leads to the question:
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Should this RFC focus on introducing only the basic and most valuable synchronous support for ArrayBuffer, or should it aim for full coverage of all possible Codegen use cases, including asynchronous operations, despite the higher complexity and the impact on more files (especially on Android)?


In my opinion, the RFC should aim to cover all use cases and describe the complete implementation plan. We can then approach it incrementally, breaking the work into smaller, manageable PRs. It might also make sense to update the Adoption Strategy section with a detailed roll-out plan that outlines the milestones we’ll follow once this RFC is approved.

Good idea - will do that!

javache · 2025-10-20T11:02:51Z

Thanks for putting this together.

Generally, I'm very aligned supporting a type-safe abstraction over the existing ArrayBuffer support in JSI, and there seems to be plenty of use-cases where this would become a good way forward to unlock cheaper data sharing between JS and native.

I agree with the concerns around thread-safety expressed in this thread here. Is there any prior art we can reference? Is the operation model similar to SharedArrayBuffer? Should we consider Atomics as a complementary but necessary capability here?

Making this fully support async JS to native invocation calls will likely increase complexity, as it would require us to keep the JS object alive for the duration of the native memory reference, but not impossible. Alternatively, we'd need to make it really obvious that ArrayBuffer args can only be used in sync calls through codegen.

javache · 2025-10-20T10:57:06Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+#### Java
+
+Java class `java.nio.ByteBuffer` can be constructed using JNI function `jobject NewDirectByteBuffer(JNIEnv* env, void* address, jlong capacity)`. This function returns a direct instance of direct `java.nio.ByteBuffer` referring to the block of memory starting at the memory address `address` and extending `capacity` bytes. What is important, direct buffers don't deallocate the memory on destruction, what is desired in our case since JS is responsible for that.


Would recommend we use the existing fbjni abstraction here: https://github.com/facebookincubator/fbjni/blob/main/cxx/fbjni/ByteBuffer.cpp#L84

Missed that one - thanks!

javache · 2025-10-20T10:59:48Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.
+
+The same rules apply when passing buffers from native to JS: native code remains the owner of the allocated memory and may expose zero-copy buffers to JS.


Why is this so? createArrayBuffer uses a shared_ptr so it should be feasible to implemented shared ownership semantics here.

Agreed - ownership can transfer from native to JS here, that's perfectly fine. We use this in a lot of Nitro libraries.

I thought that aligning the ownership strategy for both directions would make sense - but of course you are right, it would work fine for case of "native to JS" direction.

mrousavy

I really like this RFC - adding ArrayBuffer to react-native core seems like a no-brainer.

I can see that some of this was inspired by Nitro, where we already have nitro::ArrayBuffer (see the ArrayBuffer docs).

I remember implementing ArrayBuffers wasn't super easy, as a lot of work went into the nitro::ArrayBuffer primitives - I think I learned a lot about how this works - I can help with the implementation if any questions arise.

Nitro has owning and non-owning ArrayBuffers, where owning is a native one (we can unwrap that later again), and non-owning is one that was created in JS, or somewhere else.

PROBLEM: If an owning ArrayBuffer (aka one that was created in native) gets passed to JS, and then back from JS to native, the information that it is a native ArrayBuffer gets lost because we don't have .isMutableBuffer() and .getMutableBuffer() in JSI.
I created a feature request for this here: facebook/hermes#1578 - @tmikov said he thinks it's a good idea - I even created a PoC PR that implements this (facebook/hermes#1733), but it's not fully finished - might need a little bit of help here from the Hermes team.

In Nitro, I have a workaround for this by simply attaching a NativeState of the jsi::MutableBuffer pointer to my object (https://github.com/mrousavy/nitro/blob/cffffcb91f90fe4823fa7410bdb39c51c4c99125/packages/react-native-nitro-modules/cpp/jsi/JSIConverter%2BArrayBuffer.hpp#L81-L83) - works very well 😄

But; this means it would not detect owning ArrayBuffers that were created natively in TurboModules, since TurboModules will likely not use nitro::MutableBufferNativeState lol. Not a biggie, it'll just be non-owning.
We need the Hermes PR for native support for that.

mrousavy · 2025-10-20T11:52:28Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+### Memory ownership
+
+When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.


Seems like this terminology is from Nitro 😄

I sure did read your documentation and source code before starting working on this 😄

mrousavy · 2025-10-20T11:52:57Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+#### Java
+
+While in C++ and Objective-C data can be easily shared between JS and Native, Java stores the data as a `folly::dynamic` map on the Native side. The `folly` library has support for data buffers (class `IOBuf`). This means that JS buffers can be stored on the Native side, but its implementation will be more challenging. Moreover, classes responsible for storing variables, such as `NativeMap` or `NatviveArray`, have a rich inheritance tree and are widely used across the JNI files. Adding storage for buffers to them will require changes to a large number of `ReactAndroid` JNI and Java/Kotlin files. These changes are required to add support for e.g. Promises or Structs.


Suggested change

While in C++ and Objective-C data can be easily shared between JS and Native, Java stores the data as a `folly::dynamic` map on the Native side. The `folly` library has support for data buffers (class `IOBuf`). This means that JS buffers can be stored on the Native side, but its implementation will be more challenging. Moreover, classes responsible for storing variables, such as `NativeMap` or `NatviveArray`, have a rich inheritance tree and are widely used across the JNI files. Adding storage for buffers to them will require changes to a large number of `ReactAndroid` JNI and Java/Kotlin files. These changes are required to add support for e.g. Promises or Structs.

While in C++ and Objective-C data can be easily shared between JS and Native, Java stores the data as a `folly::dynamic` map on the Native side. The `folly` library has support for data buffers (class `IOBuf`). This means that JS buffers can be stored on the Native side, but its implementation will be more challenging. Moreover, classes responsible for storing variables, such as `NativeMap` or `NativeArray`, have a rich inheritance tree and are widely used across the JNI files. Adding storage for buffers to them will require changes to a large number of `ReactAndroid` JNI and Java/Kotlin files. These changes are required to add support for e.g. Promises or Structs.

mrousavy · 2025-10-20T11:53:57Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+#### Java
+
+While in C++ and Objective-C data can be easily shared between JS and Native, Java stores the data as a `folly::dynamic` map on the Native side. The `folly` library has support for data buffers (class `IOBuf`). This means that JS buffers can be stored on the Native side, but its implementation will be more challenging. Moreover, classes responsible for storing variables, such as `NativeMap` or `NatviveArray`, have a rich inheritance tree and are widely used across the JNI files. Adding storage for buffers to them will require changes to a large number of `ReactAndroid` JNI and Java/Kotlin files. These changes are required to add support for e.g. Promises or Structs.


While in C++ and Objective-C data can be easily shared between JS and Native, Java stores the data as a folly::dynamic map on the Native side.

Yea I found the same issue a while ago - folly is quite cool but wrapping everything in dynamic probably has to go at some point in the future.

mrousavy · 2025-10-20T12:05:39Z

proposals/0000-arraybuffer-support-in-turbomodules.md

+
+### Memory ownership
+
+When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.


Suggested change

When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.

When passing an `ArrayBuffer` that was created in JS to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.

Let's clarify this a bit here; only if it was created in JS, we don't have a std::shared_ptr<jsi::MutableBuffer>.

If it was created in native, we can technically unwrap the native buffer again and can assume ownership safely. But; see my other discussion for more info on this

Thanks for clarification!

RFC: ArrayBuffer support in TurboModules

57a6f5b

grabbou reviewed Oct 17, 2025

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grabbou requested review from brentvatne, cortinico, kmagiera and mrousavy October 17, 2025 14:50

javache self-requested a review October 20, 2025 10:48

javache reviewed Oct 20, 2025

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mrousavy approved these changes Oct 20, 2025

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mrousavy reviewed Oct 20, 2025

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		## Motivation

		TurboModules currently lack a first-class way to represent `ArrayBuffer` end-to-end in Codegen, which forces developers to rely on copies, ad-hoc platform bridges, global helpers, or external libraries. This hurts performance for binary-heavy use cases such as media data or ML tensors, and it increases implementation complexity. The expected outcome is a cross-platform contract that lets JS and native pass binary data with minimal copying. Codegen should be able to generate working code for the `ArrayBuffer` type on every platform.


		For example, several important use cases are currently difficult to implement efficiently while working with TurboModules:

		- Real-time media streaming: A native video decoder could stream frames directly to a JavaScript-based player component. Without zero-copy `ArrayBuffer`s, each frame would need to be copied, leading to significant performance overhead and potential frame drops.


		#### Java

		Java class `java.nio.ByteBuffer` can be constructed using JNI function `jobject NewDirectByteBuffer(JNIEnv* env, void* address, jlong capacity)`. This function returns a direct instance of direct `java.nio.ByteBuffer` referring to the block of memory starting at the memory address `address` and extending `capacity` bytes. What is important, direct buffers don't deallocate the memory on destruction, what is desired in our case since JS is responsible for that.

		When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.

		The same rules apply when passing buffers from native to JS: native code remains the owner of the allocated memory and may expose zero-copy buffers to JS.


		### Memory ownership

		When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.

	When passing an `ArrayBuffer` to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.
	When passing an `ArrayBuffer` that was created in JS to native code, it should always be treated as "borrowed" or "non-owning": JS owns the ArrayBuffer's memory and the JS GC is responsible for freeing it. Native code should access the passed memory only for the duration of the synchronous call.

RFC: ArrayBuffer support in TurboModules #947

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RFC: ArrayBuffer support in TurboModules #947

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kraenhansen commented Oct 12, 2025 •

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